A few ways to find out Mutual fund Performance

Mutual funds allow people to invest their money in a way that will provide them with future benefits. When you are looking at a mutual fund in which you can invest in you may wish to look at several different ones. The mutual fund performance will help you to see what stocks and bonds work well in the market as compared to others. You can also find more help with this answer in various financial news articles.

One such article or guide that you may find to be useful is that of the Morningstar review. The review will have the latest market news which will indicate how a mutual fund performance has gone. You will also need to look at various other factors before you make any type of commitment about a mutual fund that you have seen.

These factors are the price you need to pay to buy and sell your stocks and bonds. The type of load that you are signing up for and also the other administrative expenses you will be expected to help out with. In looking at the mutual fund performance you should consider how your tax bill will be affected.

The tax bill is likely to be affected by a capital gains distribution. You can use various online mutual funds calculators to find what these tax costs are likely to be. The other item that should be investigated in a mutual fund performance evaluation is that of the volatility. When you are thinking of investing in mutual funds you want the stocks that you have chosen to be relatively stable.

The choice of a volatile mutual fund will only spell higher risks for you. The best way to know if any given mutual funds have a tendency to volatility is by reading the funds annual reports and prospectuses. You should also compare the yearly performance figures. All of this information will inform you if various companies that you are looking into have the ability to weather the stock market with ease or if there are drastic ups and down periods of investment.

Another way to find out the mutual fund performance is to ask about any changes which may have occurred. These changes will include a change of personnel or the investment advisor that you were working with is no longer available. All of these minor changes have the ability of affecting the outlook of your mutual fund.

Therefore before you choose to invest with any mutual funds group it is always best to see what the mutual fund performance of this company is like. This knowledge is vital to getting the best deal on mutual funds that you can.

How to know which are the Best Mutual Fund to Invest in

There are different ways that you can use the money that you have earned. Investing in a mutual fund is one such way. The many different mutual funds you will find have many excellent options for you to try out. You will however need to look at the best mutual funds in order to find out which one or ones are more suited for you.

At the moment you will discover that in Malaysia specifically PublicMutual ,OSK-UOB ,CMS Islamic and others are among the best mutual funds that are available. In each of these mutual funds you will need to see how the funds compare with each other. There are many reviews that will provide you with information for choosing the best mutual funds

Before you invest with a mutual fund you will need to understand what a mutual fund is and how it will be of help to you. Basically a mutual fund is an investment company. This corporation pools the money of its investors together. With this money the investment company is able to buy diverse types of stocks and bonds.

The investors then share out the various stock and bonds that are in the pool. By investing these stocks the professional managers of the corporation is able to keep the clients’ portfolio in good shape. While this is a simple way to put the functions of mutual funds it helps to understand how a mutual funds group works. You can find out more information from the internet or from a trusted financial advisor.

The best way to look for the right mutual fund is to take your time. With the numerous mutual funds out there it is a bit difficult to know which ones are the best mutual funds to invest with. You can look at the Morningstar reviews to see which of the mutual funds are performing well. This preliminary research will help you to see the direction in which mutual funds are heading.

Once you have selected a few of the best mutual funds to investigate you should see what types of funds are being offered. As some of these funds have hidden charges it pays to understand what these funds are really. You will find this information in the internet or you can ask someone to clarify the details for you.

Even though all of these mutual funds are great investment possibilities there are always risks that potential clients face. For this matter you should give the matter of investing your money in a mutual funds group some serious thought. The bottom line is that no matter how good these many best mutual funds are performing right now tomorrow is another story, so take your time and invest wisely.

Important Mutual Fund Concepts and Terms

Are you thinking about investing in the stock market? If you are, it is highly likely that you are considering investing in a mutual fund. A mutual fund gives you stock market exposure, diversification, and the professional selections of a seasoned stock picker.

Most average investors park at least some of their money in mutual funds. Often though, they are confused by some of the terminology and concepts associated with mutual fund investing. Sometimes, this is not a big deal, whereas other times ignorance of a few key concepts can severely impact their long-term returns. Here’s a few key mutual fund concepts.

Load: This is the up-front fee the mutual fund charges for investing in the fund. Whatever load you pay goes straight to the mutual fund and anyone that happened to be marketing the fund. People that try to sell mutual funds that charge loads try to claim that they are somehow better than other mutual funds. This is nonsense. Paying a load is simply paying an extra, unnecessary fee. Always invest in no-load mutual funds , otherwise you are just wasting 5% of your investment by paying someone's commission.

NAV: Net asset value. This is the closing price of the mutual fund after a day's trading. You can see how well the mutual fund is performing by changes in its NAV.

Management Fee: This is the fee the mutual fund charges you for investing your money. All mutual funds charge a management fee; otherwise they would not be able to operate. However, you do not want to be needlessly paying too high of a management fee. Look for mutual funds that charge management fees of 1.5% or less.

Morningstar Rating: This is the rating the mutual fund was given due to its past performance compared to its peers. While past performance is not a guarantee of future performance, it is a somewhat useful indicator in helping you decide whether or not you want to trust your money to this mutual fund or not. Remember though that the mutual fund's performance will largely be a result of the fund's chief manager. If the manager changes, then looking to the past performance of the fund is somewhat worthless.

Net Assets: This is how much money the mutual fund manages. Some mutual funds just manage $100-$200 million of investor's money. Others manage up to $50 billion. The advantage of a larger mutual fund is that they sometimes charge lower fees due to efficiencies of scale. However, in general, a smaller mutual fund is better. This is because they are more nimble and can invest in more of a variety of companies. The larger mutual funds have to invest in very large companies. After all, if a $50 billion mutual fund invested in a $500 million, just parking 1% of the fund's assets would buy the whole company!

Invest In Yourself – Your Career, Future Income Stream, Education And Training

The advice often given to young couples starting off in life is “Not to buy what you cannot afford”. The same basic advice should be heeded by many. If you cannot afford it- then do not buy the item. But what of investing in your own future in terms of an investment in your personal education or training as well as investments in your own personal career. Is this not getting ahead in life? Is this not money well spent? Even if you have to borrow and go into debt is this not money well spent?

If at the end of the day , year or decade you will be much further ahead in position , salary as well as benefits in addition to “job” and “personal” satisfaction is this not money, time and effort well spent and allocated. ? Indeed it is and can well be.

In the case of your education a dollar borrowed now will result in better jobs- that you will most likely find more challenging and enjoyable , and have a lot more financial reward than a job on the status scale – say as a bus driver or a technician doing oil jobs at your local Wal-Mart. In the case of a vehicle or car loan it may be a godsend. If your vehicle is not reliable – then how can you show up on time, keep your job without an image and reputation of reliability? Not only do you want to keep your employment and income associated with the job but also the job references from your employment superiors for use with other employers for better positions and pay, or for promotion within your present organization. You may even run into a case of promotion within your present firm to another branch office or plant. Not having reliable transport may limit your promotion offerings and flexibility. In addition, if you take out a loan to purchase that vehicle, you may well have upscaled and upgraded your car or SUV, from the models that you most likely would have purchased. By doing so, and driving a higher grade auto model, you may well appear as a more established, senior, more experienced and established employee as well as individual. Fortunately or unfortunately in life most comes down to appearances and perceptions.

There may be a much better and / or better paying job but its way across town, or in an area not served by the bus transit system. Or it may be the case that there is bus service - but if devours a good two to three hours a day of travel time. Good bye to your personal social life. You may have all the money in the world – the wealth of Bill Gates Himself and yet no time or energy to enjoy it. So much for all that pay of that new wonderful job.

A real step foreword as they say. It is always a case of reward versus cost or cost versus benefit. It is a case by case analysis.

In addition you should think of additional or add on costs. Do not stretch yourself too thin – financially. A course at university may not be offered in your calendar year – you will have to complete your schooling fully at a later date than expected. A course may be full – ditto for time delay. Or you may even have to repeat a course or change plans along the way necessitating longer time duration of studies. Leave a buffer of funding both for yourself and as well with the agency that provided the loan – be at bank, savings and loan, credit union or even parents or relatives. Don’t break the bank so to speak at the first step. The same analysis of benefit versus costs prevails in the car / transport / job scenario situation. Many people will drive across town for a bargain to save a dollar and spend $ 10 on gas costs in the process. Incorporate the price of gas into your final net salary not as an aside.

Lastly and most importantly – always pay your bills. Never take on more than you can chew, or in this case afford. Before making that commitment for a loan or undertaking always evaluate carefully before signing on the bottom line. It’s not only a matter of convenience. Your credibility itself is on the line, in addition to your personal honor and integrity and reputation. Pay your bills on time – even earlier than required. This applies to all loans – whether they are for rent, mortgage, utility bills, bank loans, charge card payments or student loans. If you cannot pay in full, then at least pay a bit above the minimum payment. If you are really stuck then contact the lender. Explain the situation honestly. Make a commitment and follow through. Remember the whole point of the exercise was your self improvement – an investment in yourself. To not take the exercise seriously is to shortchange yourself and your future opportunities as well as income stream in the future. To borrow for yourself and personal gain make prudent sense.

ETFs, Funds And Shares: What Are They And What Are Their Benefits?

Exchange Traded Funds, better known by many investors as iShares, the brand owned by Barclays Global Investors ('BGI') have been around in the UK since April 2000, with the launch of the iFTSE100 on the London Stock Exchange. From a slow start, by the end of 2005 (the latest figures available), some 125 billion was held in assets under management. Generally, when you look for your share price information, you'll find them grouped in the extra MARK section, where you'll now find some 45 different ETFs on offer. Although they have been around for sometime, let's just remind ourselves how ETFs work. They are listed on the stock exchange, providing the flexibility and trade ability of a share, including the fact that the price is continuously quoted, but that one share can provide instant exposure to an entire Index, giving you the diversification benefits of a fund. ETFs are also a flexible way of achieving cost-effective market exposure. Because the funds are registered in Ireland, there is no stamp duty to be paid on purchases. Management costs are taken from dividends that are accrued by the fund, and any excess income is then distributed to shareholders: unlike unit trusts, there are no initial fees to pay on the original purchase. The price of the fund is always close to the 'Net Asset Value' (NAV) of the underlying investments and will usually have tight spreads, unlike some unit trusts and some investment trusts. Also ETFs will disclose their holdings everyday, whereas traditional funds usually disclose their holdings twice a year.

What can I invest in?

ETFs offer a wide range of opportunities for investment with varying levels of risk: as at mid-December there were 45 different markets/indices to invest in, ranging from corporate bonds to the Taiwanese market. Starting at the lower end of the risk spectrum there are several corporate bond ETFs, as well as some Gilt-based investments. Moving on to the medium risk level, you can choose from global funds to ones that are more specific to individual regions, such as the US or Asia. There's also the option of investing in individual indices: 'index trackers' are available for the UK's FTSE100 and 250 Indexes, the US S&P 500, or Europe's Euro first 100 & 80, spanning the top European companies. For those wanting a higher level of risk, there are also ETFs which will give you exposure to emerging markets, such as Turkey, Korea, Taiwan and Eastern Europe. ETFs don't offer the same wide variety as unit trusts, but for investing in the countries and sectors they do cover, their charging structure and trade ability make up for this. As such, they provide a good, low cost, easily-traded route into the market, with the flexibility to move up the risk ladder as your experience and capital grows.

Finally, if you've an appetite for an even spicier approach, the London Stock Exchange also enables you to invest in commodities, through ETCs (Exchange Traded Commodities). Although like ETFs they are traded in the same way as shares, and are eligible to be held in a PEP or ISA, they do work in a completely different way. Whereas ETFs actually buy the underlying investments, ETC managers don't buy and store tons of wheat and copper, stack-up barrels of oil, or herd livestock into pens. Rather, they buy options on these commodities. As a result, ETCs are classed as more 'complex' investments by the FSA and you'll need to complete a special 'risk notice' confirming you understand the additional risks of investing in them. So take a fresh look at ETFs - you might just find they offer you more than you thought!

Funds: take your pick of the best

Unit Trusts and Open Ended Investment Companies (OEICs) are investments that let you pool your money with lots of other 'retail' investors. This money is invested on your behalf by a wide range of specialist fund managers, investing in, for example, Government gilts and bonds, commercial property and equities. Investing in funds gives you access to a highly-diversified range of investments at a reasonable cost. You will also have easy access to asset classes and international markets that would otherwise be difficult and expensive to invest in and benefit from the Fund Manager's contacts, knowledge, experience and expertise. Funds come in many shapes and sizes from 'trackers' to specialist or 'themed' funds.

An index-tracking fund (often referred to as a 'passively managed fund') aims to match or 'track' the performance of a given market index, such as the FTSE All Share or the FTSE 100. They do this using computer programs to work out how much of each individual company they need to buy and sell to mimic the performance of the Index as a whole. But not all 'tracker funds' match the Index they are tracking that well - so be sure to check their record. An 'actively managed fund' on the other hand employs researchers to study and engage with companies in which they plan to invest, and to keep abreast of the prospects for companies in which they already invest. They'll compare their performance to a 'benchmark' index related to the investment objectives of their fund, with the expectation that the extra work they put into tracking down the 'best' investments will literally pay dividends through higher growth than that of their benchmark.

Choosing your funds

When you pick your funds, be sure to rate them against other funds that fish in the same waters. Don't expect a 'value' fund and a 'growth' fund to have similar track records. Only by comparing funds with their true peers will you make a good choice. Whilst past performance should not be seen as an indication of future performance, past performance does matter when comparing like with like. Chasing winners however, is as dangerous as day-trading. Not surprisingly, all five of the top-performing funds at the end of 1999 were technology sector funds. Sector funds have a place in many a portfolio, but for the majority of investors they belong at its edges, not at its heart. An individual fund will give you a wider spread of underlying investments: by investing across a number of funds you're better able to smooth out the ups and downs of the market overall. But that won't work if it turns out that your funds hold virtually the same investments. So have a look at each fund report to see their top holdings and make sure you've got a good spread overall.

Individual Company shares

When it comes to the individual shares part of the investment model, the lowest risk entry point has always been recognised as companies in the FTSE 100. However, you should always bear in mind that the Index evolves over a period of time, changing its overall make-up. Consider, for example, that over the last 6 years technology shares have fallen out of the Index, while mining companies, on the back of booming commodity prices, have dramatically increased their presence. Yet, because of the volatility and cyclical nature of the sector, individual mining groups can't be classed as low risk. Other 'big names' have gone from the Index due to take-over activity - companies like P&O, Abbey National & BAA - all of which have to be replaced.

Today, some 80% of the make-up of the overall value of the FTSE100 comes from just 5 sectors - Banking, Mining, Oil & Gas, Pharmaceuticals, and Telecoms (fixed and mobile). So, if you're looking to the Footsie to form the bedrock of your investment in individual shares, where should you start? Companies involved in essential, everyday products and services, such as the water and electricity utilities and broad-based retailers often provide a solid backbone to any share portfolio. You could argue, however, that the classic 'defensive' nature of utilities has recently been undermined by the number of take-overs within the sector. The share prices of the remaining companies have climbed to all-time highs, potentially increasing the level of risk.

There is without doubt an appetite for the assured cash flow that utilities provide, and it's fair to say that a growing number of analysts agree it's hard to justify the current prices. Despite this, get your timing right, buying at the right price, and these sectors should still provide a strong base on which to build your individual holdings. To extend your scope, whilst still staying within a lower risk profile, your next ports of call should be into the banks, pharmaceuticals, tobacco and beverages sectors.

Move on up to the intermediate, 'medium risk' level, and you've an increasing choice, including the remaining FTSE100 companies, dominated by the mining sector. The majority of shares in the FTSE250 would also fit into this 'medium risk' category. Still relatively large companies, it is these shares that have seen some of the biggest gains over the last 3 years, helping push the 250 Index to record levels in 2006. One noticeable difference between the FTSE250 compared to the FTSE100, is that companies here generally have less international exposure. When it comes to the consideration of risk, you can play this one of two ways: some argue that having the majority of profits coming from the UK provides for less risk, while others (including us) favour having fingers in as many regions as possible.

Finally, at the higher end of the risk scale you find smaller companies and AIM quoted shares. These tend to be more volatile and less liquid than their larger cousins, factors that generally lead to wider bid/offer spreads. The AIM market has seen considerable growth over the last 10 years, partly because companies don't have to comply with the same stringent requirements of the main market.

Often, private investors don't get a look-in as part of the flotation, having to wait until the shares start trading, so do pick your time and use stop-loss limits - that early flush of success isn't always carried through. One of the fastest growing sub-sectors within AIM is small mining and exploration groups, many of which are based abroad but have chosen to list in the UK. Because their prospects include a significant amount of 'hope' value, such companies will represent the very highest level of risk. Equally classified as higher-risk, though as a result of different factors, are shares in overseas companies.

Household names like Volvo, Coca Cola and Johnson & Johnson are big names and big companies. The additional risk they bring for investors comes from the fact that the majority of their earnings are from overseas. So you face the added risk of changes in exchange rates. Over recent months, for example, the fall in the US$ would have had a big impact on the sterling value of dividends from US shares And when the companies you invest in are smaller ones, it's often harder to find reliable research and analysis, harder to track and compare performance, and harder to follow the news that affects the share price. True, most big UK names also trade globally, but as 'home market' companies they are well-researched, much commented upon and regularly feature in the UK business finance pages. That's not to say you shouldn't venture outside these shores - far from it - but you need to do so with your eyes open. That's why we see overseas shares as being more appropriate for investors asthey move up the experience ladder and once they've built a balanced portfolio. And it's also why, in general, we'd advise investing in market trackers and funds before moving into individual overseas shares.

What Does RICH Mean To You?

Have you ever been asked that question?

I was!

Back in 1979 while doing a “pressure cooker” course on selling with an insurance company!

I wondered how relevant that question was, considering my personal and financial situation at the time.

No wife!

No job!

I was a solo dad with three children, one of them a baby less than a year old.

“You must be kidding”, I thought to myself at the time!

What relevance can that have to me learning to sell insurance policies?

How naive I was!

The course that followed had an unbelievably positive and a life changing effect on me. Although it only took affect several years later. The seed had been sown!

You’re probably saying to yourself, “How can a course on selling life insurance have that much effect on anyone?”

Well that Insurance Company was the one created by W Clement Stone.

I found the course to be very challenging, because in New Zealand at that time we weren’t really aware of the “Hype” that Americans used to motivate their workers to perform at their optimum. It pleases me each time I think about it now, to know that I passed, top of the class and received a book as a reward, this book was already a best seller, but I’d never heard of it.

Success Through a Positive Mental Attitude, of which W Clement Stone was co-author with Napoleon Hill. They shared their secrets on becoming wealthy and having a healthy, productive lifestyle, utilising the power of a "positive mental attitude". Sadly my motivation and my persistence waned and I stopped selling insurance.

I kept all the information, studies and the book I had won.

The “BOOK” Success Through a Positive Mental Attitude, which I never opened or read for probably 3 years.

However I did continue two very positive things! I continued to read on a daily basis some of his quotes and I even put them on the wall. My two

favourites were;

“Success is achieved and maintained by those who try and keep trying” and

“Whatever the mind of man can conceive and believe, it can achieve”.

The second thing and the one which I believed the most important was “Goal Setting” I enjoyed the challenge and had learned enough during the course to

realise its long term value.

Life began to take several steps in the right direction not major ones, but positive ones.

Several important things happened in my life over the next 12 years.

Around 1981-2 I began reading, Through a Positive Mental Attitude,

I applied so many of their ideas and formulae, and by 1992 mine and my families life had completely turned around, this included a wonderful wife and two more children and a list of goals I had made in 1986 after father passed away, became a reality.

I had arrived finally, or so I thought, and was ready to respond to the question that still continued to bother me after all those years.

What Does RICH Mean To You?

I had some answers!

That’s what I believed anyway!

1 - " A consistent income created from hard work

2 - " A healthy family

3 - " A loving wife and loving children

4 - "A nice car

5 - " A great holidays

There are other things, but they are either directly or indirectly related to the above list.

Even now when I look at that list it seems to have “hit the nail on the head”.

Then within three years it all slowly began to fall apart, business wise, thankfully not family wise our “Polynesian Inheritance” is so strong, family always come first!

Where was I going wrong?

What was I doing wrong?

Whose fault was it?

Why now when we seemed so successful?

A myriad of questions passed through my mind, I began to blame myself, I was making wrong decisions.

I had begun a downward slide a personal one that took away my mental fortitude, my belief, my self-confidence, I lost motivation, the thing that really hurts me when I think back is that, “I didn’t really care anymore” I began to think that the world owed me, I was a good person so for that I should be rewarded. What a “Pity party”, darn pitiful is all I can say now!

After all these years I am finally getting back on track!

I realise that age and the new generation means I can never be what I was back then, why?

Well that’s the past and I now live for today!

Not tomorrow!

I have found a “Certain Way” that has been available to each and every one of us for more than ninety years.

Probably what W Clement Stone and Napoleon Hill and thousands of others used to become rich, but forgot to tell us some very vital points, whether they did it consciously or just took it for granted that we would figure it out, I am really not to sure.

Want to find out as I have???

The real meaning of what “RICH” is, go to my website “Right Now” and find out how you to can have a “RICH” balanced and fulfilled life with “Prosperous Equilibrium”.

by: Paul Mara

Warren Buffet-Sage of Omaha

Superior Leader - Warren Buffet


Superior business leader and American investor Warren Buffett is often called “Oracle of Omaha” or the “Sage of Omaha” and philanthropist. (Wikipedia, 2007) Buffett is the CEO, and the biggest shareholder of the Berkshire Hathaway Company. Buffett’s has an estimated current net worth of approximately $52 billion in US funds. Forbes Magazine ranks Buffett the third richest person in the world in September 2007 behind Carlos Slim and Bill Gates.

Warren Buffett is known for his economical and plain lifestyle. Buffett still lives in the same Omaha, Nebraska house that he purchased in 1958 for $31,500 with a current value of $700,000. In 1989, Buffett spent $9.7 million of the Berkshire’s funds on a corporate jet. He jokingly named it “The Indefensible” because of his past criticisms of such purchases by other CEOs. (Wikipedia, 2007)

Warren Buffett decided to make a commitment to give his fortune to charity back in June 2006. Buffett’s charity donation is approximately $30 billion, which is the largest donation in the history of the United States. The donation was enough to more than double the size of the foundation with 83% of it going to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Buffett believed that his family had enough money to get started in life so Buffett decided to give his fortune to charity. Buffett’s annual salary in 2006 was only $100,000. In 2007, Buffett was listed among Time Magazine’s 100 Most Influential People in the World. (Wikipedia, 2007)

What makes Warren Buffett a good business leader? This is what everyone wants to know because Warren buffet is so successful. It all starts with leadership. Warren buffet is a true leader where his leadership makes a difference in the world. Leadership is very much related to change and Warren Buffett has the capabilities of leadership change to fit the changing world. Warren Buffett has repeatedly demonstrated the ability to map read in the irregular waters of change. Is Warren Buffett born a leader? The authors of this paper believe not. Experience and research has shown little evidence that an individual who comes to power is a “born leader.” Warren Buffett took the falls that any other leader has to take. Warren Buffett learned from his mistakes and turned his mistakes into a positive thing. Warren Buffett shares his leadership at all organizational levels and Buffett is empowered to share leadership responsibilities. In the world of business, many titles related to leadership roles are actively used in business and Warren Buffett wears those titles to make him effective in multiple leadership positions in business. Distinction between good leadership and good management is made often. Managers are made to be organizational, controllers and budgeters. Warren Buffett has leadership in all three departments and one must have these traits to be a good business leader.

Another important trait in Today’s business leadership is communication. Warren Buffet is a skilled communicator in all aspects of life. Communication is the real key of leadership. Skilled communicators have an appreciation for positioning in the business world. Warren Buffet is experienced at positioning himself at the right place at the right time. Warren Buffet has the understanding of the people he is trying to reach and what he can and cannot hear from the people. Knowledge of audiences’ needs and wants gives the orator the ability to listen. Warren Buffett is an excellent listener with the ability to convey his understanding.

When Warren Buffett talks, people listen. Warren Buffett can send a message through an open door and does not have to push the message through a wall.

Leadership is crucial to any successful business and good leadership is what Warren Buffett is all about. This is what makes Warren buffet a good business leader.

Mr. Warren Buffett’s investment strategies and course of leadership are shining examples of characteristics shared by cognitive theorists. Cognitive theory is an approach of explaining behavior through perception, anticipation, and thinking. Mr. Buffett’s continual approach of analyzing both possible investment choices, market trends, and the ability to place management resources of the right caliber in the right position has consistently brought this investor to the forefront amongst peers and the marketplace. At the core of every sound investor is a creative innovator.

Innovation demands creativity. Creativity in turn draws on our cognitive faculties, across the full amplitude from emotion to reason. In the number-heavy world of global investing, innovative thinking is critical. Innovative investors decipher future trends, spot likely winners by combining science (financials) with art (acuity and perception) and continuously mitigate risk. They assess user needs, product features, the proper deployment of money, professional organizational structures and risk management. (Kore Kalibre, 2006)

Mr. Buffett’s instinct and ability to interpret market trends is also held by tight reigns. Despite over 50 years of growth, Mr. Buffett always adheres to one of the most basic business principles: “…only compete where you have a competitive advantage. Warren Buffett refers to staying within your circle of competence. Social psychologists tell us, though, that we are prone to overconfidence when it comes to assessing our abilities…” (Arthridge, 2006) A man of Warren Buffett’s position and track record could easily be derailed to a sense of over confidence. The principle of only competing within your range of competitive advantage is a principle that can be applied to many other areas in life, and Mr. Buffett’s ability to work and live by this idea has allowed him to continue forward with minimal bruising.

By establishing the previous examples, the authors can reinforce the principles of cognitive theory in that Mr. Buffett behavior patterns are clearly dictated by thought processes, which include interpretation, analysis, and foresight. “As experiences and events gain meaning and value, the process becomes increasingly top down as the mind in (a) attempt at an orderly process influences perception though beliefs, goals and external process” (Gardener, 2007)

Warren Buffett’s is a self empowered leader, because he is loyal, sets goals, plans a strategy for achievement, and stays committed until he accomplishes his purpose. Up to date, he is the greatest stockbroker of all-time. He is a very conservative investor that prefers to invest in companies that sell name brand products that he uses. For example, Coca-Cola, Gillette Razors, See’s Candy, Gulfstream Jet, and GEICO are the major companies he invested in. In the nineties his assets quadrupled in less than five years. He is a smart investor that usually does not take big investment risks. For example, he will not invest in internet stock, because the return is unpredictable. He likes to invest in companies that he is sure will be successful 20 years later. He buys the company with the intentions of keeping it forever. Usually, the management team of each company is the same staff that sold it Warren Buffett from the beginning. He stays loyal to his partners, and the team workstheir best to keep him happy.

After Warren Buffett’s wife died, he decided to donate 85% of his money to charity. However, “he wants his money to be used the same year he donates it”.(Harris, 2006) The requirement will accelerate the process to help the world. According to Fortune magazine, five-sixths of his money will go to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. This foundation which focus on finding cures for diseases that are common in poor nations. The rest of the money will be split among four other charities, that are each run by his three children and one that is in his late wife’s name.

Warren Buffett is not a huge spender. In fact, he still lives in the same house he bought 40 years ago. Warren “told ABC News “Nightline” that being born into wealth did not entitle his children”(Harris, 2006). In addition, he told Fortune magazine that, “A very rich person would leave his kids enough to do anything, but not enough to do nothing.”(Harris, 2006) In other words, he wants his children to work earn their money and value hard work and smart choices.

In the year 2006, Warren’s first annual donation to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation was $1.5 billion and the rest was divided among the four charities. He was the first person to make a donation better than Bill Gates, the richest man in the world. It seems as if Bill Gates and Warren Buffett set a good example and lead others to be more generous, because now the Barron Hilton has committed to donating half of his fortune to charity also. Barron Hilton is the founder of the Hilton Hotels and is worth $2.3 billion. Hopefully, a trend started among the fortunate to give to the less fortunate.

The personality of Warren Buffett ties to the Social Cognitive Level, because he tries to understand and make sense of other people. He observes the differences in social knowledge when dealing with people. Social cognition refers to making sense of ourselves, others, and how the information is used. In the sixties and seventies Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel were psychologists, studying personality development. They found that social learning and cognitive principles improve ones abilities to self-regulate and to follow goals. Warren investment choices were successful, because he conditioned his the way he processed information, choices, and expectations.

Understanding unit trust and mutual fund

For those who want to get involved in the stock market, but don`t have sufficient funds to make it worthwhile purchasing just one company`s stock, mutual funds, or unit trusts, can be a good option. Many companies allow the purchasing of these on a monthly basis, thus `drip feeding` the purchases over a period of time.

A mutual fund is a professionally managed type of collective investment scheme that pools money from many investors and invests it on their behalf. The mutual fund will have a fund manager that trades the pooled money on a regular basis. The term mutual funds is used in the United States and Canada. In the UK, Ireland, Australia and some other countries they are known as unit trusts. For our purposes mutual funds and unit trusts have been to mean virtually the same thing, but note there are some differences, which should be checked at the time of any purchase.

Trusts and OEICs provide a mechanism of investing in a broad selection of shares, thus reducing the risks of investing in individual shares. There are thousands of Unit Trusts and hundreds of OEICs to choose from, so it is important to select the right fund to meet your needs.

Unit trusts are open-ended; the fund is equitably divided into units which vary in price in direct proportion to the variation in value of the fund's net asset value. Each time money is invested new units are created to match the prevailing unit buying price; each time units are redeemed the assets sold match the prevailing unit selling price.

Each Unit Trust has its own investment objective and the fund manager has to invest to achieve this objective. The fund manager will invest the money on behalf of the unit holders (or shareholders). The value of your investment will vary according to the total value of the fund.

The trust manager makes a profit in the difference between the purchase price of the unit or offer price and the sale value of units or the bid price. This difference is known as the bid–offer spread. The bid–offer spread varies from company to company, and even from fund to fund within the same company. Market conditions will often dictate the size of the spread, the lower the spread the better for the investor. Some fees are declared as a percentage of your investment, others are built into the price.

Mutual funds, and unit trusts, can invest in many kinds of securities. The most common are cash instruments, stock, gilts, and bonds, but there are hundreds of sub-categories. Common areas to invest in are stocks in geographical areas, such as North America, Europe, Asia and so on. Or, they can invest in Emerging Markets, New Companies, companies with green credentials, small companies, or the bigger so-called Blue Chip companies etc.

Bond funds can vary according to risk, for example high-yield junk bonds or investment-grade corporate bonds, type of issuers such as government agencies, or corporations, or even the maturity of the bonds as in short or long term.